Air Conditioning Repair Companies

Air Conditioning Repair Companies

Air Conditioning Service Near Me: Expert Cooling System Remediation Can Improve Your Home'S Comfort Quickly And Efficiently

Common A/c Unit Issues

Is your air conditioning system all of a sudden seeming like a far-off thunderstorm? Or perhaps the cool breeze has developed into a faint whisper? These are classic signs that your unit requires some major ac system repair. Every summer, many property owners face issues that freeze their comfort and surge their frustration.

Here's a fast rundown of the most regular perpetrators behind an ailing AC:

  • Refrigerant Leaks-- When the coolant escapes, your a/c can't chill the air effectively.
  • Dirty Filters-- A clogged up filter strangles air flow, triggering uneven cooling and greater energy bills.
  • Frozen Coils-- Ever seen ice develop on your unit? This often signifies obstructed air flow or low refrigerant levels.
  • Thermostat Malfunctions-- In some cases, the issue isn't the a/c however the brain managing it.
  • Electrical Failures-- Faulty wiring or used parts can trigger sudden shutdowns or erratic habits.

Keep in mind the last scorching day when your air conditioner gave up? It's not simply bothersome; it can turn your home into an oven. Envision a group stepping in quickly, identifying the problem with precision, and restoring your sanctuary's chill in no time. That's the type of air conditioner repair service that transforms headaches into relief.

Issue Symptoms How Bold City Heating and Air Assists
Refrigerant Leak Warm air, hissing noises Professional leak detection and accurate refilling
Dirty Filters Weak airflow, dirty vents Thorough cleaning and replacement
Frozen Coils Ice buildup, no cooling System defrost and airflow optimization

Could a flickering thermostat be the sly offender taking your comfort? Or maybe a hidden electrical fault silently sabotaging your system? Bold City Heating and Air tackles these challenges head-on, ensuring your a/c unit hums smoothly and effectively. - Bold City Heating and Air

Why go for unforeseeable cooling when an expert touch can bring consistent, refreshing air back into your life? The science of air conditioning unit repair isn't just about repairing makers-- it has to do with restoring assurance on the most popular days of the year.

Necessary Tools for Detecting and Fixing Air Conditioners

When an AC system sputters or suddenly stops cooling, the first impulse may be to panic. But the genuine secret lies in the precision instruments. Bold City Heating and Air a specialist wields to diagnose the source quickly. Ever question why some professionals seem to repair complex concerns in a breeze? It's everything about having the right tools-- from the modest to the highly specialized

Key Instruments in the AC Repair Work Toolbox

  • Manifold Gauge Set: Consider this as the technician's stethoscope. It measures pressure in the refrigerant lines, exposing leakages or obstructions that invisible to the naked eye.
  • Multimeter: Electricity flows are tricky; this tool checks out voltage, current, and resistance, making sure every electrical component is humming as it should.
  • Leak Detector: Finding even the tiniest refrigerant leaks can save a system from premature failure. This tool sniffs out invisible gas getting away from seals or coils.
  • Fin Comb: Bent fins on the condenser coil can choke airflow. A basic fin comb straightens these blades, restoring effectiveness without changing parts.
  • Air pump: Before recharging refrigerant, the system often requires evacuation of air and moisture, an action vital for longevity and efficiency.

Why Bold City Heating and Air Excels

Bold City Heating and Air comprehends the delicate dance between these tools and the detailed equipment of your cooling system. They approach every repair with a keen eye and a well-stocked toolbox. It's not practically fixing what's broken; it has to do with preventing future missteps through specialist medical diagnosis and accuracy.

Pro Tips from the Field

  1. Always adjust your manifold gauges before usage; a small mistake in pressure reading can lead to misdiagnosis.
  2. Do not overlook the importance of a tidy work environment-- dust and particles can toss off delicate electrical readings.
  3. When dealing with refrigerant, security is paramount. Use gloves and safety glasses, and guarantee correct ventilation.
  4. Use a thermal imaging electronic camera to identify hotspots or cold areas in circuitry and coils that might not be visible otherwise.

Could there be a more interesting blend of science and craft than the tools utilized in a/c repair? Each tool informs a story, and with Bold City Heating and Air, that story is constantly among swift, efficient options and renewed convenience.

Dissecting the Heart of Your A/c Unit

Ever questioned what really occurs when your air conditioner repair work begins? It's not practically slapping on a brand-new filter or complementing refrigerant. The real art lies in a systematic, precise detailed repair process that Bold City Heating and Air has actually mastered. They comprehend that each unit narrates-- sometimes a whisper of a faulty capacitor, other times a shout from a stopped up condenser coil.

Step 1: Diagnostic Deep Dive

The procedure begins with an extensive diagnostic that digs beneath surface signs. Is the unit blowing warm air? Exists an unusual sound, like a ghost in the machine? Bold City professionals utilize sophisticated tools to measure electrical currents, refrigerant levels, and airflow patterns. This isn't uncertainty-- it's accuracy.

Step 2: Identifying the Source

When the diagnostic puzzle is total, the real offender emerges (Bold City Heating and Air). Could it be a compressor resisting low refrigerant? Or a thermostat that's lost its marbles? Bold City Heating and Air stands out in recognizing the precise part triggering the hiccup, avoiding unnecessary part replacements

Step 3: Tactical Repair Work Execution

  1. Power down the system safely to avoid any shocks or damage.
  2. Remove and examine the faulty element-- whether it's a fan motor, capacitor, or evaporator coil.
  3. Carry out exact repair work or replacements utilizing OEM-equivalent parts.
  4. Reassemble the system guaranteeing all connections are tight and sealed.

Step 4: Rigorous Efficiency Screening

After repairs, the system goes through a battery of tests. Bold City Heating and Air does not just switch it on; they determine temperature differentials and airflow rates to confirm optimum energy performance. This action guarantees your system won't just run-- it'll move through the blistering days like a breeze.

Pro Tips from the Trenches

  • Check the condenser coil regularly-- dust and debris can turn a cool device into a sweatbox.
  • Listen for humming or clicking sounds. These subtle signals frequently precede larger failures.
  • Watch on your system's cycle duration; abnormally short or long cycles may mean underlying problems.

Identifying the Silent Pressure: Why Preventive Upkeep Matters

Ever discovered how an air conditioner can all of a sudden sputter and sigh, as if gasping for breath in the thick summertime heat? The truth is, a stopped up air filter or a neglected coil can calmly stealth their method into your system, resulting in inefficient cooling and unexpected breakdowns. Bold City Heating and Air recognizes these subtle whispers of distress before they escalate into full-blown malfunctions, understanding that each skipped tune-up inches your system better to failure.

Expert Tips to Keep Your AC in Leading Forming

  • Tidy or Replace Filters Monthly: Dust and particles aren't simply nuisances-- they choke airflow and require your compressor to overexert.
  • Check the Refrigerant Levels: Low refrigerant can turn your cooling dreams into a lukewarm nightmare, sapping energy and straining components.
  • Examine Electrical Links: Loose wires or rusty contacts might stimulate unexpected failures or fire risks.
  • Clear the Condensate Drain: Obstructions here welcome water damage and mold growth, quietly undermining your system's health.

Why Routine Tune-Ups Are a Game-Changer

Believe of your air conditioning like a carefully tuned instrument. Without routine changes, it falls out of harmony, developing discord in your home's convenience. Bold City Heating and Air dives deep, not just skimming surface areas however carefully inspecting every nook-- from the evaporator coils to the blower motor. This proactive position avoids the surprise of system failures during the most popular days, turning possible catastrophes into mere footnotes.

Upkeep Job Frequency Benefit
Filter Cleaning/Replacement Every 1 month Improves air quality & & effectiveness Refrigerant Level Inspect
Yearly Avoids compressor strain Electrical Assessment Every year Ensures safety & reliability Condenser Coil Cleansing Annually Increases cooling performance Why wait for a sputtering unit to scream for help? Resolving these vital points early transforms your a/c from a ticking time bomb into a fortress

of consistent coolness. Bold City Heating and Air does not just repair-- they expect, adjusting their know-how to the unique demands your system deals with. Remember, on the planet of a/c repair work, foresight is your coolest ally. Specialist Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL Jacksonville, FL, is the largest city by land location in the adjoining United States and boasts a population that makes it a dynamic city center in

Northeast Florida. Known for its substantial park system,

beautiful Atlantic beaches, and a bustling riverfront, Jacksonville uses a special mix of urban and outside lifestyle. The city is also a center for commerce, culture, and sports, hosting multiple expert sports groups and many cultural celebrations throughout the year. If you need assistance with air conditioning system repair, they motivate you to connect to Bold City Heating and Air for a free assessment and professional recommendations tailored to your cooling needs.

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  1. Downtown Jacksonville: Downtown Jacksonville represents the central commercial area of Jacksonville, Florida, known for its dynamic mix of historic architecture and state-of-the-art skyscrapers. It features cultural sites, riverside parks, and a variety of dining and entertainment options.
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  3. Northside: Northside is a extensive district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its mixed communities and industrial areas. It features a combination of residential neighborhoods, parks, and commercial zones, supporting the city's growth and development.
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  61. Killarney Shores: Killarney Shores is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, Florida, famous for its quiet streets and tight-knit community. It offers simple access to nearby parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a attractive area for families.
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  64. Eastport: Eastport is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its heritage charm and waterfront views. It offers a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and recreational spaces along the St. Johns River.
  65. Yellow Bluff: Yellow Bluff is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quiet streets and tight-knit community. It offers a mix of suburban homes and local amenities, providing a cozy living environment.
  66. Normandy Village: Normandy Village is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, famous for its mid-20th-century houses and family-friendly atmosphere. It features convenient access to nearby parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it popular among residents.
  67. Argyle Forest: Argyle Forest is a residential community in Jacksonville, FL, recognized for its family-friendly environment and close access to retail and educational institutions. It offers a combination of single-family homes, parks, and recreational amenities, which makes it a popular choice for living in the suburbs.
  68. Cecil Commerce Center: Cecil Commerce Center is a extensive industrial & commercial district in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its prime location and extensive transportation infrastructure. It serves as a center for logistics, manufacturing, & distribution businesses, supporting the local economy.
  69. Venetia: Venetia is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its calm streets and residential atmosphere. It offers close access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a well-liked area for families.
  70. Ortega Forest: Ortega Forest is a pleasant residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic homes and thick, tree filled streets. It offers a tranquil suburban atmosphere while being easily close to downtown Jacksonville.
  71. Timuquana: Timuquana is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its peaceful streets and public parks. It offers a mix of detached houses and close proximity to local amenities and schools.
  72. San Jose Forest: San Jose Forest is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its green greenery and kid-friendly atmosphere. The area features a combination of private residences and local parks, offering a peaceful suburban environment.
  73. E-Town: E-Town is a vibrant neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its diverse community and historical significance. It features a blend of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that enhance its unique character.

  • Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens showcases a broad collection of art encompassing different times and cultures. Visitors can also discover lovely formal gardens overlooking the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
  • Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens showcases a wide collection of animals and flora from across the globe. It provides captivating exhibits, instructive programs, and preservation efforts for visitors of all years. Jacksonville FL
  • Museum of Science and History: This Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL features interactive exhibits and a planetarium appropriate for all ages. Visitors can explore science, history, and culture through engaging displays and informative programs.
  • Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historical site that provides a glimpse into Florida's plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can explore the grounds, such as the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
  • Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial celebrates the 16th-century French effort to create a colony in Florida. It offers exhibits and trails investigating the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
  • Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve protects one of the last pristine coastal marshes on the Atlantic Coast. It maintains the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
  • Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a big, famous water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It showcases remarkable water displays and lights, making it a favorite attraction and meeting spot.
  • Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a lively week-to-week arts and crafts market beneath the Fuller Warren Bridge. It features local craftspeople, live music, food sellers, and a gorgeous view of the St. Johns River.
  • San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a delightful retail and eating area with a European-style ambiance. It is known for its exclusive boutiques, restaurants, and the well-known fountain with lions. Jacksonville FL
  • St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an exclusive open-air shopping mall in Jacksonville FL, showcasing a blend of high-end retailers, well-known labels, and restaurants. It is a top spot for shopping, dining, and recreation in North East Florida.
  • Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District displays charming early 20th-century architecture and specialty shops. It's a lively neighborhood known for its local restaurants and historical character. Jacksonville FL
  • Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a gorgeous area in Jacksonville FL, home to a massive, centuries-old oak tree. The park offers a tranquil retreat with walking paths and scenic views of the St. Johns River.
  • Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL offers untouched shores and diverse habitats. Visitors can partake in recreation like hiking, camping, and wildlife viewing in this natural shoreline setting.
  • Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, offers breathtaking shoreline scenery and varied habitats for outdoor lovers. Discover the unique boneyard beach, hike picturesque trails, and watch plentiful wildlife in this lovely wildlife preserve.
  • Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, offers a stunning beach, forested paths, and a 60-acre fresh water lake for leisure. It's a favored spot for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
  • Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens offers a lovely ecological getaway with varied trails and specialty gardens. Visitors can explore a variety of plant life and relish serene outdoor recreation.
  • Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre area that serves as a homage to the over 1,200 Floridians who lost their lives in World War I. The area includes a statue, reflecting pool, and gardens, offering a place for memory and reflection. Jacksonville FL
  • Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's oldest park, a historic public square holding events, bazaars, and community get-togethers. It provides a lush space in the center of downtown with art exhibits and a lively atmosphere.
  • Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL provides a stunning waterfront location for events and leisure. With play areas, a concert venue, and scenic views, it is a well-known destination for residents and tourists alike.
  • Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was originally designated to pay tribute to Confederate soldiers and sailors. It has since been renamed and repurposed as a place for local events and recreation.
  • Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum and History Park safeguards and shares the unique history of Jacksonville's beaches. Investigate exhibits on nearby life-saving, surfing, and original beach communities.
  • Atlantic Beach: The city of Atlantic Beach features a charming coastal community with stunning beaches and a calm atmosphere. People can experience surfing, swimming, and exploring local shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
  • Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach gives a classic Florida beach town feeling with its grainy shores and laid-back atmosphere. People can enjoy surfing, swimming, and exploring local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
  • Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a lively coastal city well-known for its sandy shores and surfing scene. It offers a mix of recreational activities, dining, and nightlife along the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Huguenot Memorial Park: Huguenot Memorial Park offers a lovely beachfront spot with chances for campgrounds, fishing, and birdwatching. Visitors can savor the natural allure of the area with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
  • Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, provides scenic trails and boardwalks through varied habitats. Visitors can relish walks in nature, birdwatching, and exploring the splendor of the shoreline environment.
  • Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL safeguards the earthen remnants of a Civil War-era Southern fort. Visitors can explore the historical site and learn regarding its meaning through informative exhibits.
  • Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society conserves the history of the Mandarin neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. Guests are able to explore exhibits and artifacts that showcase the area's distinctive history.
  • Museum of Southern History: This Museum of Southern History exhibits artifacts and displays related to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Guests are able to explore a range of topics, including the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
  • The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, provides escorted walking tours to see rescued big cats and other exotic animals. It's a not-for-profit organization committed to providing a safe, caring, forever home for these animals.

  1. Air Conditioning Installation: Proper installation of cooling systems ensures good and comfortable indoor climates. This critical process assures peak performance and longevity of climate control units.
  2. Air Conditioner: ACs chill inside spaces by extracting heat and humidity. Proper setup by qualified technicians guarantees effective performance and ideal climate control.
  3. Hvac: Hvac systems govern temperature and air quality. They are essential for establishing climate control solutions in buildings.
  4. Thermostat: The Thermostat is the control center for regulating temperature in HVAC systems. It tells the cooling unit to turn on and off, maintaining the preferred indoor environment.
  5. Refrigerant: Refrigerant is crucial for temperature control systems, absorbing heat to produce cool air. Appropriate handling of refrigerants is critical during HVAC setup for effective and safe operation.
  6. Compressor: This Compressor is the heart of your cooling system, pressurizing refrigerant. This process is key for effective temperature control in climate control systems.
  7. Evaporator Coil: The Evaporator Coil takes in heat from indoor air, cooling it down. This part is essential for effective climate control system installation in buildings.
  8. Condenser Coil: This Condenser Coil is an essential component in cooling systems, dissipating heat outside. It facilitates the heat exchange needed for effective indoor climate management.
  9. Ductwork: Ductwork is essential for distributing conditioned air around a building. Correct duct layout and arrangement are essential for effective climate management system location.
  10. Ventilation: Efficient Ventilation is important for suitable air flow and indoor air standard. It has a key role in guaranteeing optimal performance and efficiency of climate control systems.
  11. Heat Pump: Heat pumps transfer heat, providing both heating and cooling. They're key parts in contemporary climate control system installations, offering energy-efficient temperature regulation.
  12. Split System: Split System provide both heating and cooling via an indoor unit connected to an outdoor compressor. They offer a ductless solution for temperature regulation in specific rooms or areas.
  13. Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems cool entire homes from a single, powerful unit. Proper installation of these systems is essential for streamlined and functional home chilling.
  14. Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling efficiency: higher Energy Efficiency Ratio shows better operation and reduced energy use for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a good Energy Efficiency Ratio can substantially reduce long-term costs when setting up a new climate control system.
  15. Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressors alter refrigeration production to match need, boosting efficiency and comfort in HVAC systems. This accurate modulation reduces energy waste and preserves uniform thermals in building environments.
  16. Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures effective operation and longevity in refrigeration systems. Ignoring it can lead to costly repairs or system failures when setting up climate control.
  17. Air Filter: Air Filter capture dirt and particles, making sure of clean air flow inside HVAC systems. This improves system performance and indoor air quality during climate control setup.
  18. Installation Manual: The Installation Manual provides important guidance for properly installing a cooling system. It assures proper procedures are used for peak performance and safety during the unit's setup.
  19. Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is vital for powering and regulating the components of climate control systems. Proper wiring assures secure and effective functioning of the cooling and heating units.
  20. Indoor Unit: The Indoor Unit distributes treated air within a space. This is a critical component for climate control systems, guaranteeing suitable temp control in buildings.
  21. Outdoor Unit: The Outdoor Unit contains the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat outside. It's crucial for a full climate control system installation, guaranteeing effective cooling inside.
  22. Maintenance: Regular upkeep ensures efficient performance and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents breakdowns and improves the efficiency of installed cooling systems.
  23. Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is essential for lowering energy use and costs when setting up new climate control systems. Emphasizing effective equipment and proper setup reduces environmental impact and maximizes long-term savings.
  24. Thermodynamics: Thermo explains how heat transfers and converts energy, crucial for cooling system setup. Efficient climate control design relies on Thermodynamics principles to maximize energy use during setup placement.
  25. Building Codes: Construction regulations assure suitable and safe HVAC system arrangement in buildings. They control aspects like energy performance and ventilation for climate control systems.
  26. Load Calculation: Load calculations figures out the warming and chilling demands of a space. It's essential for picking suitably dimensioned HVAC units for efficient environmental control.
  27. Mini Split: Mini Splits provide a ductless approach to temperature management, providing focused heating and cooling. The ease of placement makes them suitable for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is impractical.
  28. Air Handler: The Air Handler moves conditioned air throughout a building. It is a critical component for proper climate control system setup.
  29. Insulation: Insulation is vital for maintaining efficient temperature regulation within a structure. It minimizes heat exchange, lessening the burden on air conditioning and optimizing temperature setups.
  30. Drainage System: Drainage systems clear liquids generated by cooling equipment. Proper drainage avoids water damage and guarantees effective operation of air conditioning setups.
  31. Filter: Strainers are critical parts that remove contaminants from the air during the installation of climate control systems. This ensures cleaner air circulation and safeguards the system's internal parts.
  32. Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems control inside climate by regulating temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper setup of these systems guarantees economical and productive cooling and climate control within buildings.
  33. Split System Air Conditioner: Split system air conditioners provide efficient refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design simplifies the process of establishing climate control in homes and businesses.
  34. Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are skilled experts who focus in the configuration of temperature regulation systems. They guarantee proper operation and effectiveness of these systems for maximum indoor well-being.
  35. Indoor Air Quality: The quality of indoor air significantly impacts comfort and health, so HVAC system installation should emphasize filtration and ventilation. Proper system planning and installation is vital for improving air quality.
  36. Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain removes water generated throughout the cooling operation, preventing harm and maintaining system efficiency. Correct drain assembly is crucial for successful climate control device and long-term performance.
  37. Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately regulate refrigerant amount to various zones, providing customized cooling and heating. This technology is essential for establishing effective and adaptable climate control in building environments.
  38. Building Automation System: Building Automation System orchestrate and streamline the functioning of HVAC devices. This leads to enhanced climate control and energy efficiency in buildings.
  39. Air Conditioning: HVAC systems control indoor temperature and atmosphere. Proper configuration of these systems is crucial for efficient and effective Air Conditioning.
  40. Temperature Control: Accurate temperature regulation is crucial for efficient climate control system installation. It guarantees peak performance and comfort in newly installed cooling systems.
  41. Thermistor: Temperature-sensitive resistors are temperature-sensitive resistors used in climate control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data assists to regulate system performance, ensuring peak performance and energy efficiency in ecological control setups.
  42. Thermocouple: Temperature sensors are devices essential for ensuring proper HVAC system installation. They correctly assess temperature, allowing precise modifications and optimal climate control function.
  43. Digital Thermostat: These devices accurately control temperature, optimizing HVAC system performance. They are important for establishing home climate control systems, ensuring efficient and comfortable environments.
  44. Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats optimize climate control systems by enabling personalized temperature schedules. This results in improved energy efficiency and comfort in residential AC setups.
  45. Smart Thermostat: Clever thermostat streamline home climate control by understanding user desires and adjusting temperatures on their own. They play a key role in today's HVAC system configurations, enhancing energy savings and comfort.
  46. Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, composed of two metals with different expansion rates, curves in reaction to temperature variations. This property is used in HVAC systems to operate thermostats and adjust heating or cooling processes.
  47. Capillary Tube Thermostat: The Capillary Tube Thermostat accurately controls temperature in cooling systems via remote sensing. The component is vital for keeping desired climate control inside buildings.
  48. Thermostatic Expansion Valve: The Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant stream into the evaporator, maintaining optimal cooling. This part is crucial for effective operation of refrigeration and climate control systems in buildings.
  49. Setpoint: Setpoint is the desired temperature a climate management system strives to reach. It directs the system's operation during climate management setups to maintain desired comfort levels.
  50. Temperature Sensor: Temperature Sensors are crucial for regulating heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems by monitoring air temperature and guaranteeing effective climate control. Their data aids optimize system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
  51. Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop assists in controlling temperature during climate control system installation by continuously monitoring and adjusting settings. This ensures optimal performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
  52. Control System: Control Systems govern temperature, humidity, and airflow in environmental conditioning setups. They guarantee ideal well-being and energy savings in temperature-controlled environments.
  53. Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is reached when components attain the same temperature, crucial for efficient climate control system installation. Proper balance assures maximum performance and energy savings in set up cooling systems.
  54. Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials conduct heat, impacting the cooling system configuration. Selecting materials with fitting thermal properties ensures best performance of installed climate control systems.
  55. Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat transfer, making sure of efficient cooling by lessening the workload on climate control systems. This boosts energy efficiency and keeps consistent temperatures in buildings.
  56. On Off Control: On Off Control maintains wanted temperatures by completely activating or deactivating cooling systems. This simple method is important for regulating environment within buildings during environmental control system configuration .
  57. Pid Controller: PID Controllers accurately regulate temperature in HVAC units. This ensures efficient temperature regulation during facility climate configuration and functioning.
  58. Evaporator: This Evaporator draws in heat from within a space, cooling the air. This is a critical component in temperature control systems created for indoor comfort.
  59. Condenser: The Condenser unit is a vital part in cooling systems, transferring heat extracted from the indoor space to the external environment. Its accurate installation is crucial for efficient climate control system location and performance.
  60. Chlorofluorocarbon: CFCs have been previously common refrigerants that facilitated cooling in numerous building systems. Their role has diminished because of environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
  61. Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants frequently used in cooling systems for buildings and vehicles. Their proper handling is essential during the establishment of climate control systems to avoid environmental harm and assure effective operation.
  62. Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: HCFCs were once commonly used coolants in HVAC systems for buildings. Their phase-out has caused the use of more eco-friendly alternatives for new HVAC setups.
  63. Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) shows how much a certain mass of greenhouse gas adds to global warming over a specified period compared to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with less GWP is key when building climate control systems to minimize environmental effects.
  64. Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental risks. Technicians servicing cooling units must follow regulations to prevent further harm.
  65. Phase Change: Phase Change of refrigerants are crucial for effectively moving heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles allow cooling by taking in heat indoors and releasing it outdoors.
  66. Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are vital for effective climate control system establishment. Understanding conduction, convection, and radiation guarantees peak system functioning and energy savings during the process of establishing home cooling.
  67. Refrigeration Cycle: The Refrigeration Cycle transfers heat, enabling refrigeration in climate-control systems. Proper installation and upkeep make sure of effective operation and long life of these refrigeration options.
  68. Environmental Protection Agency: EPA controls refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system servicing to safeguard the ozone layer and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians working with cooling equipment must be certified to guarantee correct refrigerant management and stop environmental damage.
  69. Leak Detection: Leak Detection guarantees the integrity of refrigerant lines after climate control system placement. Identifying and fixing leaks is crucial for optimal function and ecological safety of newly installed climate control systems.
  70. Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are essential tools for observing refrigerant levels during HVAC system setup. They guarantee best performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within defined ranges for proper cooling operation.
  71. Expansion Valve: The Expansion Valve controls refrigerant flow in refrigeration systems, permitting efficient heat uptake. It's a critical component for maximum performance in environmental control setups.
  72. Cooling Capacity: Cooling Capacity decides how effectively a system can reduce the temperature of a space. Choosing the right capacity is important for peak performance in placement of environmental control systems.
  73. Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the method of taking out and keeping refrigerants during HVAC system installations. Properly recovering refrigerants prevents environmental harm and ensures efficient new cooling equipment placements.
  74. Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling recovers and recycles refrigerants, reducing environmental effects. This procedure is essential when installing climate control systems, ensuring proper disposal and avoiding ozone depletion.
  75. Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) offer vital information on the secure handling and potential hazards of chemicals used in cooling system setup. Technicians use SDS data to defend themselves and avoid accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
  76. Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids utilized in cooling systems to transfer heat. Their correct handling is essential for efficient climate control setup and maintenance.
  77. Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is vital for cooling buildings, enabling efficient temperature control. It's a pivotal process in climate control system configuration, assisting the movement of heat to offer comfortable indoor environments.
  78. Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the key procedure of heat removal, using refrigerant to absorb and release heat. This cycle is vital for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
  79. Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors effectively compress refrigerant to power cooling systems. They are a vital component for effective temperature regulation in buildings.
  80. Reciprocating Compressor: Reciprocating Compressors are crucial parts that squeeze refrigerant in cooling systems. They facilitate heat transfer , allowing efficient climate regulation within structures.
  81. Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are key parts that raise refrigerant stress in wide climate management systems. They effectively move refrigerant, enabling efficient cooling and heating throughout wide areas.
  82. Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressor represent a critical component in refrigeration systems, employing a rotating mechanism to compress refrigerant. Their efficiency and small size make them ideal for climate control setups in various applications.
  83. Compressor Motor: The Compressor Motor is the driving force for the refrigeration process, circulating refrigerant. It is vital for correct climate control system setup and operation in buildings.
  84. Compressor Oil: Compressor Oil lubricates and protects moving parts within a system's compressor, ensuring effective refrigerant compression for suitable climate control. It is crucial to select the right type of oil throughout system installation to ensure longevity and peak function of the refrigeration unit.
  85. Pressure Switch: A Pressure Switch tracks refrigerant levels, making sure the system works securely. It prevents harm by shutting down the cooling device if pressure falls outside the ok spectrum.
  86. Compressor Relay: A Compressor Relay is an electrical switch that controls the compressor motor in cooling setups. It guarantees the compressor starts and stops correctly, enabling effective temperature control within climate control systems.
  87. Suction Line: The Suction Line, a essential part in cooling systems, moves refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Appropriate sizing and insulation of the line is essential for efficient system performance during climate control setup.
  88. Discharge Line: This discharge line moves hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper sizing and installation of the discharge line are essential for the best cooling system setup.
  89. Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling capability of a system for indoor climate control. Choosing the right size ensures effective temperature regulation during climate control setup.
  90. Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the quantity of heat that needs to be removed from a area to maintain a desired temperature. Accurate cooling load calculation is crucial for appropriate HVAC system installation and sizing.
  91. Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems operate optimally after they are installed. It's vital for keeping effective climate control systems installed.
  92. Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks reduce cooling effectiveness and can cause equipment malfunction. Addressing these leakages is critical for correct climate control system installation, assuring peak performance and durability.
  93. Seer Rating: SEER score represents an HVAC system's refrigeration performance, impacting long-term energy costs. Elevated SEER numbers imply increased energy conservation when setting up climate control.
  94. Hspf Rating: HSPF Rating indicates the heating efficiency of heat pumps. Higher ratings mean better energy efficiency during climate control setup.
  95. Preventative Maintenance: Preventative servicing guarantees HVAC systems operate efficiently and reliably after installation. Consistent maintenance minimizes breakdowns and extends the lifespan of HVAC systems.
  96. Airflow: Airflow guarantees efficient cooling and heating spread throughout a building. Correct Airflow is vital for prime operation and comfort in climate control systems.
  97. Electrical Components: Electrical Components are vital for powering and managing systems that govern indoor temperature. They guarantee correct operation, safety, and efficiency in heating and cooling arrangements.
  98. Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the method of adding the right amount of refrigerant to a cooling system. This ensures best performance and effectiveness when setting up climate control units.
  99. System Diagnosis: System Diagnosis detects possible problems before, while, and after HVAC system setup. It ensures optimal function and prevents upcoming problems in climate control systems.
  100. Hvac System: Hvac System regulate heat, moisture, and atmosphere quality in buildings. They are critical for creating climate-control solutions in residential and business areas.
  101. Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless Air Conditioning offer targeted temperature control without large ductwork. They make easier temperature control installation in rooms that lack existing duct systems.
  102. Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone devices installed in windows to cool individual rooms. They offer a straightforward method for localized climate control inside a building.
  103. Portable Air Conditioner: Portable AC units offer a versatile cooling answer for spaces without central systems. They can also offer temporary temperature regulation during HVAC system installations.
  104. System Inspection: System check ensures suitable setup of cooling systems by verifying part condition and adherence to installation standards. This procedure assures efficient operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control setups.
  105. Coil Cleaning: Coil Cleaning ensures effective heat transfer, vital for optimal system performance. This maintenance process is vital for proper installation of climate control systems.
  106. Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is vital for recovering chilling capacity in cooling systems. It ensures maximum function and durability of recently installed temperature regulation devices.
  107. Capacitor: Capacitors provide the needed energy boost to begin and operate motors within climate control systems. Their proper function guarantees efficient and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
  108. Contactor: A Contactor serves as an electrical switch which controls power to the outdoor unit's components. It enables the cooling system to turn on when necessary.
  109. Blower Motor: This Blower Motor moves air via the ductwork, enabling effective heating and cooling delivery within a building. It's a vital component for indoor climate control systems, guaranteeing stable temperature and airflow.
  110. Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the performance of newly set-up climate control systems. Technicians must address this issue to ensure effective and reliable cooling operation.
  111. Troubleshooting: Fixing identifies and resolves issues that occur during climate control system setup. Effective troubleshooting ensures best system performance and stops later issues during building cooling appliance installation.
  112. Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reclaims used refrigerants. This process is vital for environmentally responsible HVAC system installation.
  113. Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
  114. Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol eliminates ozone-depleting materials utilized in cooling systems. This shift necessitates utilizing alternative refrigerants in new environmental control setups.
  115. Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse Gas trap heat, impacting the energy efficiency and environmental footprint of weather control system setups. Selecting refrigerants with reduced global warming potential is vital for sustainable weather control implementation.
  116. Cfc: CFCs were once vital refrigerants in refrigeration systems for structures and vehicles. Their use has been phased out due to their detrimental impact on the ozone layer.
  117. Hcfc: HCFCs were previously common refrigerants used in cooling systems for buildings and vehicles. They facilitated the process of setting up climate control systems, but are now being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties.
  118. Hfc: HFCs are frequently used refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings. Their appropriate handling is crucial during the establishment of these systems to lessen environmental impact.
  119. Refrigerant Oil: Cooling lubricant lubricates the compressor in refrigeration units, assuring seamless performance and a long lifespan. It's essential for the correct operation of climate control setups.
  120. Phase-Out: Phase-Out is about the gradual removal of specific refrigerants with high global warming capacity. This affects the choice and maintenance of climate control systems in buildings.
  121. Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's ability to warm the planet if discharged. Lower GWP refrigerants are increasingly preferred in environmentally conscious HVAC system setups.
  122. Odp: ODP refrigerants damage the ozone layer, influencing regulations for cooling system installation. Installers must use environmentally friendly alternatives during climate control equipment placement.
  123. Ashrae: Ashrae sets standards and guidelines for HVAC systems installation. The standards guarantee effective and safe environmental control systems deployment in buildings.
  124. Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems provide temperature and air quality regulation for indoor environments. They are critical for establishing cooling systems in buildings.
  125. Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lower cooling system efficiency and may harm the environment. Appropriate procedures throughout climate control unit setup are crucial to avoid these leaks and guarantee best performance.
  126. Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can significantly affect choices about upgrading to a new climate control system. Unexpected repair costs may prompt homeowners to invest in a complete home cooling system for future savings.
  127. Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation includes installing heating, air flow, and air conditioning units. This is essential for enabling efficient temperature regulation inside buildings.
  128. Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance guarantees effective operation and prolongs system lifespan. Proper upkeep is essential for seamless climate control system setups.
  129. Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting pinpoints and resolves issues in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It guarantees peak operation during climate control unit installation and running.
  130. Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems divide a building into separate areas for customized temperature regulation. This approach enhances well-being and energy efficiency during HVAC configuration.
  131. Compressor Types: Various Compressor Types are vital parts for efficient climate control systems. Their selection greatly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort applications.
  132. Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, determining how efficiently the system cools a space for a given energy input. Improving this efficiency directly impacts cooling system setup costs and long-term operational expenses.
  133. Compressor Overheating: Compressor Overheating can seriously harm the unit's core, leading to system failure. Proper installation ensures adequate airflow and refrigerant amounts, avoiding this issue in climate control system installations.
  134. Compressor Failure: Compressor Failure stops the cooling process, demanding expert service during climate control system setups. A defective compressor compromises the entire system's efficiency and longevity when integrating it into a building.
  135. Overload Protector: An protects the compressor motor from getting too hot during climate control system installation. It prevents damage by automatically shutting off power when excessive current or temperature is detected.
  136. Fan Motor: Fan Motor circulate air across evaporator and condenser coils, a crucial process for efficient climate control system installation. They facilitate heat transfer, ensuring peak cooling and heating performance within the specified space.
  137. Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are essential components that connect the indoor and outdoor units, moving refrigerant to facilitate cooling. Their correct installation is vital for streamlined and productive climate control system installation.
  138. Condensing Unit: The Condensing Unit is the outside component in a cooling system. It rejects heat from the refrigerant, allowing indoor temperature regulation.
  139. Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is vital for refrigeration systems to effectively remove unwanted heat from a conditioned space. Proper Heat Rejection assures efficient performance and longevity of climate control setups.
  140. System Efficiency: System Efficiency is essential for reducing energy use and operational expenses. Optimizing performance during climate control configuration ensures long-term economy and environmental advantages.
  141. Pressure Drop: Pressure decrease is the decrease in fluid pressure as it moves through a system, affecting airflow in climate control setups. Properly controlling pressure decrease is vital for peak performance and effectiveness in climate control systems.
  142. Subcooling: Subcooling assures optimal equipment operation by cooling the refrigerant under its condensing temperature. This process avoids flash gas, increasing cooling power and efficiency throughout HVAC equipment installation.
  143. Superheat: Superheat makes sure that only vapor refrigerant goes into the compressor, preventing damage. It's crucial to measure superheat during HVAC system setup to optimize cooling performance and efficiency.
  144. Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a unit, vital for peak cooling performance. Proper charging assures efficient heat exchange and avoids damage during climate control installation.
  145. Corrosion: Rust degrades metallic parts, potentially leading to leaks and system failures. Guarding against Corrosion is essential for keeping the efficiency and lifespan of climate control systems.
  146. Fins: Fins augment the surface area of coils, boosting heat transfer efficiency. This is essential for best performance in HVAC system setups.
  147. Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is essential for refrigerant transport in air conditioning systems owing to its long-lasting nature and effective heat transfer. Its trustworthy connections guarantee proper system performance during installation of temperature regulation units.
  148. Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum Tubing is essential for transporting refrigerant in HVAC systems. Their light and corrosion-resistant properties make it ideal for linking internal and external units in HVAC setups.
  149. Repair Costs: Unforeseen maintenance can greatly affect the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

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Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

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We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

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Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

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Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

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Number One For Heating & Cooling

Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

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5 stars

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

5 stars

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

5 stars

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

5 stars

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

5 stars

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.
"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.
There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.[13][12]

An array of air conditioner condenser units outside a commercial office building

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.[24]

First devices

[edit]
Willis Carrier, who is credited with building the first modern electrical air conditioning unit

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.[25][26][27][28] In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]
A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.[citation needed]

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.[53]

Heating

[edit]
Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTUIT per hour, or 3,517 watts.[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.[citation needed]

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).[citation needed]

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]
Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster
A wireless remote controller
The infrared transmitting LED on the remote
The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]
Main article: Thermostat
Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]
Types Typical Capacity* Air supply Mounting Typical application
Mini-split small – large Direct Wall Residential
Window very small – small Direct Window Residential
Portable very small – small Direct / Ducted Floor Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual) small – very large Ducted Ceiling Residential, commercial
Ducted (central) medium – very large Ducted Ceiling Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended medium – large Direct Ceiling Commercial
Cassette medium – large Direct / Ducted Ceiling Commercial
Floor standing medium – large Direct / Ducted Floor Commercial
Packaged very large Direct / Ducted Floor Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit) very large Ducted Rooftop Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

  • very small: <1.5 kW
  • small: 1.5–3.5 kW
  • medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
  • large: 7.2–14 kW
  • very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]
Evaporator, indoor unit, or terminal, side of a ductless split-type air conditioner

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.[citation needed] The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]
See also: Chiller
Industrial air conditioners on top of the shopping mall Passage in Linz, Austria

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]
Through-the-wall PTAC units, University Motor Inn, Philadelphia

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.[70][79][80][81][82][83]

Types of compressors

[edit]
Compressor types Common applications Typical capacity Efficiency Durability Repairability
Reciprocating Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners small – large very low (small capacity)

medium (large capacity)

 very low medium
Rotary vane Residential mini splits small low low easy
Scroll Commercial and central systems, VRF medium medium medium easy
Rotary screw Commercial chiller medium – large medium medium hard
Centrifugal Commercial chiller very large medium high hard
Maglev Centrifugal Commercial chiller very large high very high very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. [citation needed]

Scroll

[edit]
Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. [citation needed]

Screw

[edit]

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. [citation needed]

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. [citation needed]

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.[citation needed]

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.[citation needed]

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]
Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.[citation needed]

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]
Rooftop condenser unit fitted on top of an Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series subway carriage. Air conditioning has become increasingly prevalent on public transport vehicles as a form of climate control, and to ensure passenger comfort and drivers' occupational safety and health.

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]
Air conditioner farm in the facade of a building in Singapore

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.[citation needed]

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,[105] Hong Kong,[106] China,[106] Japan,[107] and Italy.[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]
The ventilation system of a regular earthship
Dogtrot houses are designed to maximise natural ventilation.
A roof turbine ventilator, colloquially known as a 'Whirly Bird', is an application of wind driven ventilation.

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]
A traditional Iranian solar cooling design using a wind tower

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.[119][120]
A pair of short windcatchers (malqaf) used in traditional architecture; wind is forced down on the windward side and leaves on the leeward side (cross-ventilation). In the absence of wind, the circulation can be driven with evaporative cooling in the inlet (which is also designed to catch dust). In the center, a shuksheika (roof lantern vent), used to shade the qa'a below while allowing hot air rise out of it (stack effect).[11]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces are high in solar reflectance and heat emittance, cooling with zero energy use or pollution.[121]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.[125][126]

Fans

[edit]
Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.[127]: 99, 151, 233 In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.[127]: 134, 151

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]
Main article: Evaporative cooler
An evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.[131]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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