AC Maintenance Near Me: Professional A/c Service Guarantees Your Home Stays Cool And Comfy Throughout Hot Days

Kinds Of AC Repair Work Provider

Ever had your a/c unit sputter to a stop just as the summertime sun peaks? It's a discouraging scenario-- one that makes you understand the number of parts must work in harmony for cool air to flow. From frozen coils to refrigerant leakages, the obstacles vary, however the options do not have to be a mystery.

Typical Air Conditioner Repair Work Categories

Refrigerant Recharge and Leakage Repair: Without the correct amount of refrigerant, your system has a hard time to cool your space. Recognizing leakages is important to restoring effectiveness.
Compressor and Fan Motor Fixes: These components are the heart and lungs of your air conditioning. When they fail, airflow and cooling capability plummet.
Thermostat Calibration and Replacement: Often the offender is your thermostat sending mixed signals-- adjusting or swapping it out brings comfort back on track.
Electrical Element Repair: Faulty electrical wiring or capacitors interfere with performance, frequently causing unexpected shutdowns or erratic behavior.
Drain Pipes Line Cleansing and Repair: Blocked condensate lines can trigger water damage and system shutdowns if ignored.

How Bold City Heating and Air Manages These Obstacles

Imagine strolling into your home after a blistering day, welcomed by a sanctuary of cool air. Bold City Heating and Air transforms that dream into reality by mastering every facet of air conditioner repair. They don't just spot leaks or swap parts-- they diagnose the origin with surgical accuracy.

Frozen coils? They thaw the problem and avoid future freeze-ups. Electrical glitches? They trace every wire to ensure stability and security. Thermostat difficulties? They tweak settings for perfect environment control. No issue is too twisted, no breakdown too odd.

What sets Bold City apart is their dedication to thoroughness. Each repair unfolds like a carefully choreographed dance, guaranteeing your system runs smoothly, effectively, and silently. It's not almost repairing what's broken; it has to do with bring back comfort and cool convenience, all while extending the life of your unit.

Deciphering the Mysteries of AC Breakdowns

Envision entering your home after a scorching day, just to be welcomed by a wave of warm, stagnant air. That sinking feeling? It normally indicates your a/c system is having a hard time. Amongst the myriad of hiccups, refrigerant leakages often play the villain. Not only do they sap the cooling power, however they calmly erode efficiency, leaving your energy bills to balloon. Have you ever wondered why your AC cycles on and off so often? This phenomenon, known as short biking, could be the system's desperate cry for aid due to unclean filters or defective thermostat calibration.

Specialist Insights: Translating the Indications

Bold City Heating and Air recognizes how frustrating it can be when your unit declines to blow cold air or, worse, floods your home with unexpected moisture. Their technicians approach each concern with an investigator's accuracy. For example, clogged condensate drains pipes typically masquerade as small annoyances but can lead to water damage if disregarded.

Idea Just Pros Share

Routinely inspect and clean your evaporator coil; dust accumulation can reduce cooling efficiency by approximately 30%.
Guarantee your thermostat is put far from direct sunlight or heat-emitting home appliances to prevent incorrect readings.
Listen for uncommon noises like rattling or hissing-- these often precede compressor or refrigerant problems.
Examine for ice formation on coils; it signifies air flow restriction and needs immediate attention.

Common Issues and Their Treatments

Issue	Possible Cause	Quick Repair
Warm Air Blowing	Refrigerant leak or filthy filter	Seal leaks and replace filters
Short Biking	Thermostat or electrical problems	Recalibrate thermostat and examine circuitry
Water Leak	Blocked condensate drain	Clear the drain pipeline
Unusual Noises	Loose parts or compressor issues	Tighten parts or service compressor

Vital Instruments for Detecting A/c Difficulties

Ever attempted repairing an a/c with just a screwdriver and a prayer? The reality is much more technical. The heart of effective a/c repair lies in the accuracy of the tools wielded. A manifold gauge set, for example, isn't simply a fancy gizmo; it's the mechanic's stethoscope, revealing the covert pressures within the system's veins. Without it, guessing the refrigerant levels is like checking out tea leaves.

Bold City Heating and Air understands how essential these subtle readings are. They approach each unit with a toolkit that's not just comprehensive however thoroughly adjusted, ensuring every twist, turn, and valve adjustment hits the mark. Their understanding of the nuances in pressure fluctuations and temperature level gradients changes a job from guesswork to science.

Tools That Transform Repair Work into Art

Digital Multimeter: Steps voltage, current, and resistance. Detects electrical faults that can quietly undermine your air conditioning unit.
Thermometer: Vital for identifying temperature differentials throughout coils, indicating airflow or refrigerant problems.
Drip Detectors: Utilizing UV dye or electronic sensors, these unveil the invisible leakages that drain performance.
Vacuum Pumps: Leave wetness and air, important in preparing the system for a flawless recharge.

In my experience, even the smallest neglected detail-- like a somewhat used out gasket-- can cascade into a system-wide inefficiency - Bold City Heating and Air. Bold City's service technicians do not just fix; they prepare for the subtle whispers of wear and tear before they scream out as breakdowns

Insider Tips from the Field

Always double-check manifold gauge readings at various times of the day; ambient temperature level shifts can affect precision.
Use a microamp clamp meter to find faint electrical draws that recommend failing capacitors or motors.
When evacuating a system, watch for the "searching" impact in the vacuum gauge, a specialist idea showing trapped wetness.

Tools are just as good as the hands that wield them. Bold City Heating and Air's proficiency of their instruments elevates a/c repair work from a mere service to a carefully tuned craft.

Important Safety Steps for Air Conditioner Repair

Electrical threats lurk in every corner of air conditioner repair, specifically when dealing with capacitors holding recurring charge. Have you ever wondered why an unexpected shock can amaze even seasoned service technicians? It's because a charged capacitor can keep unsafe energy long after the system is powered down. That's why Bold City Heating and Air firmly insists on extensive discharge procedures before touching any elements.

Working around refrigerants requires not just accuracy however also alertness. Leaks can quietly poison the air or trigger frostbite on contact. When tackling these undetectable dangers, protective equipment isn't optional-- it's a lifeline. They comprehend that fumbling without appropriate gloves and safety glasses is akin to dancing with risk.

For those venturing into DIY fixes, hearken these specialist suggestions:

Always cut power at the breaker panel before opening the unit.
Use a multimeter to validate zero voltage before continuing.
Wear insulated gloves and eye defense to defend against electric shock and refrigerant exposure.
Manage refrigerant lines with care-- prevent leaks or sharp bends that can lead to leaks.
Keep a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires close by.

Imagine the horror of an abrupt spark in a dirty, enclosed space-- fires fire up in the blink of an eye. Bold City Heating and Air's specialists employ meticulous cleansing regimens to eliminate dust accumulation that may otherwise sustain unintentional combustion.

Safety List Before Beginning Repair Work

Safety Action	Why It Matters
Power Seclusion	Avoids unintentional electrocution and equipment damage
Capacitor Discharge	Removes saved electrical energy that can trigger shocks
Protective Gear Use	Shields skin and eyes from refrigerants and debris
Drip Detection	Makes sure air quality and avoids refrigerant loss
Workspace Ventilation	Reduces inhalation threats and dissipates flammable gases

In the world of air conditioner repair work, hurrying through security checks is like avoiding actions on a high wire-- one bad move can cascade into catastrophe. Bold City Heating and Air's commitment to these precautions changes a risky endeavor into a managed, predictable operation. They remain watchful, understanding that true proficiency in a/c repair work is as much about safeguarding lives as it has to do with restoring convenience.

Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a dynamic city known for its substantial park system, beautiful beaches, and growing arts scene. As the largest city by area in the continental United States, it offers citizens and visitors lots of outside activities, including boating along the St - Bold City Heating and Air. Johns River and exploring the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. The city's warm climate makes effective cooling vital for comfort and health throughout the year

For those in requirement of a/c services, Bold City Heating and Air offers professional assistance and free assessments to help ensure your home or business stays cool and comfy. Connect to them for reputable suggestions and services on air conditioning repair tailored to your requirements.

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Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: This Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens showcases a broad collection of art covering various periods and cultures. Guests can also wander lovely formal gardens with views of the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens showcases a wide collection of animals and flora from across the world. It offers interesting displays, instructive programs, and conservation initiatives for guests of all ages. Jacksonville FL
Museum of Science and History: The Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL presents interactive exhibits and a planetarium appropriate for all ages. Visitors can explore science, history, and culture through interesting displays and educational programs.
Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historical site that provides a glimpse into Florida's plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can tour the grounds, including the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial honors the 16th-century French effort to establish a colony in Florida. It provides displays and paths exploring the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve protects one of the last pristine coastal marshes on the Atlantic Coast. It maintains the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a big, iconic water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It displays remarkable water displays and lights, making it a favorite landmark and gathering place.
Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a vibrant week-to-week arts and crafts market under the Fuller Warren Bridge. It showcases regional craftspeople, on-stage music, food sellers, and a stunning scene of the St. Johns River.
San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a lovely retail and eating district with a European-style atmosphere. It is known for its exclusive shops, restaurants, and the famous fountain with lions. Jacksonville FL
St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an high-end open-air shopping mall in Jacksonville FL, featuring a selection of high-end retailers, popular labels, and eateries. It is a top destination for shopping, eating, and recreation in North East Florida.
Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District showcases charming early 20th-century architecture and unique shops. It's a dynamic neighborhood recognized for its local restaurants and historical character. Jacksonville FL
Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a lovely area in Jacksonville FL, home to a giant, ancient oak tree. The park provides a tranquil retreat with walking paths and breathtaking views of the St. Johns River.
Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL provides immaculate beaches and diverse habitats. Guests can enjoy activities like hiking, camping, and wildlife viewing in this natural shoreline setting.
Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, provides breathtaking shoreline scenery and diverse ecosystems for nature lovers. Discover the one-of-a-kind boneyard beach, hike scenic trails, and watch plentiful wildlife in this beautiful natural preserve.
Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, offers a gorgeous beach, forested paths, and a 60-acre freshwater lake for recreation. It's a favored spot for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens offers a lovely ecological escape with varied trails and specialty gardens. Visitors can discover a range of plant life and savor peaceful outside recreation.
Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre park that serves as a tribute to the more than 1,200 Floridians who gave their lives in World War I. The park includes a statue, pool, and gardens, providing a place for remembrance and thought. Jacksonville FL
Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's most ancient park, a historical public square holding events, bazaars, and community gatherings. It offers a lush space in the center of downtown with art installations and a vibrant ambiance.
Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL offers a lovely waterfront setting for events and recreation. With play areas, a concert venue, and breathtaking views, it is a popular destination for locals and visitors as well.
Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was initially designated to honor rebel soldiers and sailors. It has since been redesignated and re-purposed as a place for community events and recreation.
Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum & History Park protects and shares the one-of-a-kind history of Jacksonville's beaches. Investigate exhibits on local life-saving, surfing, and initial beach communities.
Atlantic Beach: The city of Atlantic Beach provides a charming seaside community with stunning beaches and a peaceful atmosphere. Guests can enjoy surfing, swimming, and exploring local shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach gives a traditional Florida beach town feeling with its sandy shores and easygoing atmosphere. People can partake in surfing, swimming, and discovering nearby shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a vibrant coastal city well-known for its sandy shores and surfing scene. It provides a blend of leisure activities, dining, and nightlife along the Atlantic Ocean.
Huguenot Memorial Park: This park offers a beautiful beachfront location with opportunities for camping, fishing, and birdwatching. Visitors can appreciate the natural allure of the region with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, offers picturesque paths and walkways through diverse habitats. Guests can enjoy walks in nature, birdwatching, and discovering the splendor of the coastal area.
Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL protects the earthen remains of a Civil War Southern fort. Guests can explore the historic site and discover regarding its significance by way of informative exhibits.
Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society protects the history of the Mandarin within Jacksonville FL. Visitors can explore exhibits and relics that display the area's distinctive past.
Museum of Southern History: This Museum of Southern History presents artifacts and exhibits related to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Visitors can delve into a variety of topics, including the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, offers guided foot tours to see saved big cats and other exotic animals. It's a not-for-profit organization dedicated to providing a safe, loving, forever home for these animals.

Air Conditioning Installation: Correct setup of cooling systems ensures efficient and pleasant indoor climates. This critical process assures optimal performance and longevity of climate control units.
Air Conditioner: Air Conditioners cool inside spaces by removing heat and humidity. Proper installation by certified technicians guarantees effective operation and ideal climate control.
Hvac: Hvac systems control heat and air quality. They are vital for establishing environmental control solutions in structures.
Thermostat: The Thermostat is the primary component for regulating temperature in climate control systems. It signals the cooling unit to turn on and off, maintaining the preferred indoor environment.
Refrigerant: Refrigerant is crucial for temperature control systems, absorbing heat to generate cool air. Appropriate management of refrigerants is essential during HVAC installation for effective and secure operation.
Compressor: The Compressor is a vital heart of the cooling system, pumping refrigerant. This process is essential for effective temperature control in climate control systems.
Evaporator Coil: An Evaporator Coil takes in heat from indoor air, cooling it down. This part is critical for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
Condenser Coil: The Condenser Coil serves as an essential component in cooling systems, dissipating heat outside. It aids the heat transfer needed for effective indoor climate management.
Ductwork: Ductwork is necessary for dispersing conditioned air around a building. Proper duct planning and setup are critical for successful climate management system placement.
Ventilation: Effective Ventilation is essential for proper airflow and indoor air quality. It plays a vital role in ensuring optimal operation and efficiency of climate control equipment.
Heat Pump: Heat pumps move heat, providing both heating and cooling. They are essential parts in contemporary climate control system setups, providing energy-efficient temperature regulation.
Split System: Split System offer both heating and cooling via an indoor unit connected to an outdoor compressor. They offer a ductless solution for temperature control in specific rooms or areas.
Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems chill whole homes from a sole, potent unit. Correct setup of these systems is crucial for streamlined and effective home cooling.
Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling effectiveness: a greater Energy Efficiency Ratio shows better operation and lower energy consumption for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a good Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly reduce long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressor change refrigeration production to match demand, enhancing performance and comfort in HVAC systems. This accurate modulation lowers energy waste and preserves consistent temperatures in indoor environments.
Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures efficient performance and lifespan in refrigeration systems. Neglecting it can lead to costly repairs or system failures when setting up climate control.
Air Filter: Air Filter trap dirt and particles, making sure of clean airflow within HVAC systems. This enhances system performance and indoor air quality during climate control setup.
Installation Manual: An Installation Manual offers important guidance for appropriately installing a cooling system. It assures proper steps are followed for peak performance and safety during the unit's setup.
Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is critical for powering and controlling the parts of climate control systems. Proper wiring assures secure and effective operation of the cooling and heating units.
Indoor Unit: The Indoor Unit moves treated air within a room. This is a critical part for climate control systems, guaranteeing suitable temperature management in buildings.
Outdoor Unit: This Outdoor Unit houses the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat externally. It's essential for a complete climate control system installation, guaranteeing effective cooling inside.
Maintenance: Routine care ensures effective operation and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance averts breakdowns and optimizes the efficiency of installed cooling systems.
Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is crucial for reducing energy consumption and expenses when setting up new climate control systems. Prioritizing effective equipment and suitable installation minimizes environmental effect and increases long-term savings.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics explains how heat moves and converts energy, vital for cooling setup setup. Effective climate control design relies on thermodynamic principles to optimize energy use during system placement.
Building Codes: Building Codes ensure correct and secure HVAC system setup in structures. They govern aspects such as energy performance and ventilation for climate control systems.
Load Calculation: Load calculations establishes the warming and chilling demands of a space. It's crucial for picking appropriately dimensioned HVAC units for efficient environmental control.
Mini Split: Mini Splits provide a no-duct approach to temperature management, providing focused heating and cooling. Their ease of placement renders them suitable for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is unfeasible.
Air Handler: An Air Handler moves treated air around a building. It's a crucial component for proper climate control system installation.
Insulation: Thermal protection is essential for preserving efficient temperature regulation within a building. It minimizes heat exchange, lessening the burden on air conditioning and optimizing temperature setups.
Drainage System: Drainage systems clear liquids generated by cooling equipment. Correct drainage avoids water damage and assures efficient operation of climate control setups.
Filter: Filters are vital parts that remove contaminants from the air during the setup of climate control systems. This ensures purer air circulation and protects the system's internal components.
Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems regulate inside climate by controlling temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper installation of these systems ensures efficient and effective refrigeration and climate control within buildings.
Split System Air Conditioner: Split system air conditioners provide efficient cooling and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design simplifies the procedure of establishing climate control in residences and businesses.
Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are trained experts who specialize in the configuration of temperature regulation systems. They ensure proper functionality and efficiency of these systems for maximum indoor comfort.
Indoor Air Quality: The quality of indoor air significantly impacts comfort and health, so HVAC system setup should prioritize filtration and ventilation. Appropriate system design and installation is essential for improving air quality.
Condensate Drain: This Condensate Drain eliminates water created during the cooling operation, preventing damage and maintaining system effectiveness. Proper drain assembly is vital for successful climate control device and extended performance.
Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately control refrigerant amount to various zones, offering tailored cooling and heating. The technology is vital for establishing effective and flexible climate control in building setups.
Building Automation System: Building automation systems orchestrate and streamline the operation of HVAC devices. This leads to improved temperature regulation and power savings in buildings.
Air Conditioning: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems regulate indoor temperature and air quality. Proper setup of these systems is key for efficient and effective Air Conditioning.
Temperature Control: Accurate temperature control is crucial for efficient climate control system setup. It guarantees peak performance and comfort in newly installed cooling systems.
Thermistor: Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors used in weather control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data helps to regulate system operation, guaranteeing optimal performance and energy efficiency in environmental control arrangements.
Thermocouple: Temperature sensors are devices crucial for assuring proper HVAC system installation. They precisely measure temperature, allowing precise modifications and optimal climate control performance.
Digital Thermostat: These devices accurately regulate temperature, improving HVAC system operation. They are important for establishing home climate control systems, guaranteeing efficient and pleasant environments.
Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats improve climate control systems by allowing customized temperature routines. This results in improved energy savings and comfort in home cooling setups.
Smart Thermostat: Clever thermostat improve home temperature management by learning user desires and adjusting temperatures automatically. They play a vital role in modern HVAC system configurations, improving energy efficiency and convenience.
Bimetallic Strip: A Bimetallic Strip, made up of two metals with different expansion rates, bends in reaction to temperature variations. This property is used in HVAC systems to control thermostats and adjust heating or cooling operations.
Capillary Tube Thermostat: A Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely regulates temperature in cooling systems via remote sensing. The component is vital for keeping desired climate control inside buildings.
Thermostatic Expansion Valve: This Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator, maintaining optimal cooling. This part is critical for efficient operation of refrigeration and climate control systems in buildings.
Setpoint: Setpoint is the target temperature a climate control system intends to achieve. It guides the system's performance during climate control configurations to maintain desired comfort degrees.
Temperature Sensor: Temperature sensing devices are crucial for regulating heating, air flow, and air conditioning systems by tracking air temperature and ensuring efficient climate control. Their data aids improve system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop assists with regulating temperature during climate control system installation by constantly monitoring and adjusting settings. This guarantees optimal performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
Control System: Control Systems control temperature, moisture, and airflow in air conditioning setups. They ensure peak comfort and energy savings in temperature-controlled environments.
Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is reached when components reach the same temperature, crucial for efficient climate control system setup. Proper balance guarantees peak performance and energy savings in placed cooling systems.
Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials conduct heat, impacting the cooling system setup. Selecting materials with suitable thermal properties guarantees optimal performance of installed climate control systems.
Thermal Insulation: Thermal insulation minimizes heat flow, ensuring efficient cooling by lessening the workload on climate control systems. This boosts energy efficiency and keeps consistent temperatures in buildings.
On Off Control: On Off Control keeps wanted temperatures by fully activating or turning off cooling systems. This easy way is vital for regulating climate within buildings during environmental control system configuration .
Pid Controller: PID Controllers precisely control temps in HVAC units. This makes sure efficient temperature regulation during facility temperature configuration and operation.
Evaporator: This Evaporator draws in heat from inside a location, cooling the air. This is a critical component in temperature control systems designed for home comfort.
Condenser: The Condenser unit is a vital component in cooling systems, rejecting heat removed from the indoor space to the outside environment. Its correct setup is important for efficient climate control system placement and performance.
Chlorofluorocarbon: Chlorofluorocarbons have been previously common refrigerants which helped with refrigeration in many building systems. Their role has decreased because of environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbon are refrigerants frequently used in cooling systems for structures and vehicles. Their suitable treatment is vital during the establishment of air conditioning systems to prevent environmental damage and guarantee efficient operation.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons were previously commonly used coolants in air conditioning systems for buildings. Their elimination has led to the implementation of more eco-friendly alternatives for new HVAC installations.
Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a certain mass of greenhouse gas contributes to global warming over a specified period compared to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with lower GWP is crucial when building climate control systems to minimize environmental impact.
Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental risks. Technicians servicing cooling units must follow regulations to prevent further damage.
Phase Change: Phase Changes of refrigerants are vital for effectively moving heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles enable cooling by taking in heat indoors and releasing it outdoors.
Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are vital for effective climate control system setup. Knowing conduction, convection, and radiation ensures peak system functioning and energy efficiency during the process of setting up home cooling.
Refrigeration Cycle: The Refrigeration Cycle transfers heat, allowing refrigeration in HVAC systems. Proper installation and upkeep make sure of effective operation and longevity of these refrigeration solutions.
Environmental Protection Agency: The Environmental Protection Agency controls refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system maintenance to safeguard the ozone layer and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians handling refrigeration equipment must be certified to guarantee correct refrigerant management and stop environmental damage.
Leak Detection: Leak Detection assures the integrity of refrigerant lines after climate control system placement. Identifying and fixing leaks is vital for peak performance and environmental safety of newly installed climate control systems.
Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are critical tools for checking refrigerant levels during HVAC system installation. They guarantee peak performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within specified ranges for proper cooling operation.
Expansion Valve: This Expansion Valve modulates refrigerant stream in refrigeration systems, permitting efficient heat absorption. It is a critical component for optimal performance in environmental control setups.
Cooling Capacity: Cooling capacity determines how well a system can reduce the temperature of a room. Choosing the correct capacity is essential for peak performance in environmental control system placement.
Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the procedure of removing and storing refrigerants during HVAC system setups. Properly recovering refrigerants stops environmental damage and guarantees efficient new cooling equipment placements.
Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling reclaims and reuses refrigerants, lessening environmental effects. This procedure is crucial when setting up climate control systems, guaranteeing responsible handling and preventing ozone depletion.
Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) give vital information on the safe handling and potential hazards of chemicals utilized in cooling system installation. Technicians rely on SDS data to protect themselves and prevent accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids utilized in cooling systems to transfer heat. Their proper management is essential for effective climate control setup and maintenance.
Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is essential for cooling buildings, permitting effective temperature regulation. It's a pivotal process in climate control system setup, facilitating the transfer of heat to provide comfortable indoor spaces.
Cooling Cycle: Cooling Cycle is the fundamental process of heat extraction, utilizing refrigerant to absorb and release heat. This process is essential for efficient climate control system installation in buildings.
Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors efficiently pressurize refrigerant to power cooling systems. They are a critical component for effective temperature regulation in buildings.
Reciprocating Compressor: Piston Compressors are crucial parts that compress refrigerant in cooling systems. They facilitate heat exchange, allowing efficient climate control within buildings .
Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are critical parts that raise refrigerant pressure in big climate control systems. They efficiently move refrigerant, allowing efficient refrigeration and heating throughout large areas.
Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressor represent a key component in refrigeration systems, utilizing a rotating mechanism to compress refrigerant. Their efficiency and reduced size render them perfect for climate control setups in various applications.
Compressor Motor: The Compressor Motor serves as the main force for the cooling process, circulating refrigerant. It is essential for proper climate control system installation and function in buildings.
Compressor Oil: Compressor lubricant lubricates and protects mechanical parts within a system's compressor, ensuring efficient refrigerant compression for suitable climate control. It is crucial to choose the correct type of oil throughout system setup to ensure durability and peak function of the refrigeration unit.
Pressure Switch: The Pressure Switch checks refrigerant stages, ensuring the system operates securely. It prevents harm by turning off the cooling apparatus if pressure falls beyond the acceptable spectrum.
Compressor Relay: The Compressor Relay is an electrical device that controls the compressor motor in cooling systems. It ensures the compressor begins and ceases properly, allowing effective temperature regulation within climate control setups.
Suction Line: A Suction Line, a key part in cooling systems, transports refrigerant vapor from the evaporator back the compressor. Correct sizing and insulation of this line is key for efficient system operation during climate control installation.
Discharge Line: This Discharge Line transports hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper sizing and installation of the Discharge Line are essential for ideal cooling system setup.
Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling power of a system for indoor temperature control. Choosing the right capacity ensures effective temperature control during climate control setup.
Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the quantity of heat that needs to be taken away from a area to keep a preferred temperature. Correct cooling load calculation is important for appropriate HVAC system installation and sizing.
Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems function perfectly after they are installed. It's crucial for maintaining efficient climate control systems installed.
Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling efficiency and can result in equipment failure. Resolving these leaks is vital for correct climate control system setup, guaranteeing optimal operation and lifespan.
Seer Rating: SEER rating indicates an HVAC system's cooling performance, impacting long-term energy expenses. Higher SEER values imply greater energy conservation when setting up climate control.
Hspf Rating: HSPF rating demonstrates the heating efficiency of heat pumps. Increased ratings suggest better energy efficiency during climate control configuration.
Preventative Maintenance: Preventative Maintenance ensures HVAC systems work effectively and dependably after installation. Routine upkeep lessens breakdowns and extends the lifespan of climate control systems.
Airflow: Airflow ensures efficient cooling and heating spread throughout a building. Proper Airflow is crucial for optimal operation and comfort in climate control systems.
Electrical Components: Electrical Components are essential for powering and managing systems that govern indoor temperature. They assure correct operation, safety, and efficiency in heating and cooling arrangements.
Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the procedure of introducing the correct amount of refrigerant to a cooling system. This ensures peak performance and efficiency when setting up climate control units.
System Diagnosis: The System Diagnosis process detects potential issues before, during, and following HVAC system installation. It ensures optimal performance and prevents upcoming troubles in HVAC installations.
Hvac System: HVAC systems control temperature, moisture, and air quality in buildings. They are critical for creating climate-control solutions in domestic and commercial areas.
Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless systems offer targeted cooling and heating lacking broad ductwork. They simplify temperature control setup in rooms that lack pre-existing duct systems.
Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are self-contained devices placed in panes to cool individual spaces. They offer a simple method for localized temperature regulation within a building.
Portable Air Conditioner: Portable Air Conditioner units provide a versatile cooling option for spaces without central systems. They can also provide short-term climate control during HVAC system installations.
System Inspection: System check ensures proper setup of cooling systems by checking component condition and adherence to installation standards. This procedure assures efficient operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control setups.
Coil Cleaning: Coil Cleaning ensures effective heat transfer, vital for peak system performance. This maintenance process is essential for proper setup of climate control systems.
Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is vital for reinstating chilling ability in climate control systems. It assures peak function and lifespan of recently installed environmental regulation units.
Capacitor: Capacitors provide the needed energy boost to start and run motors within climate control systems. Their correct function guarantees efficient and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
Contactor: The Contactor is an electrical switch that controls power for the outdoor unit's components. It allows the cooling system to turn on when necessary.
Blower Motor: The Blower Motor circulates air through the ductwork, enabling efficient heating and cooling distribution within a building. It's a vital component for indoor climate control systems, assuring consistent temperature and airflow.
Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the performance of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must address this issue to guarantee effective and dependable cooling operation.
Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and fixes issues that arise during climate control system installation. Sound fixing guarantees optimal system performance and prevents future issues during building cooling appliance installation.
Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reprocesses spent refrigerants. This process is vital for eco-friendly HVAC system setup.
Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol eliminates ozone-depleting substances used in cooling systems. This shift necessitates utilizing alternative refrigerants in new environmental control setups.
Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse Gas trap heat, affecting the power efficiency and environmental impact of weather control system setups. Choosing refrigerants with lower global warming potential is crucial for sustainable climate control execution.
Cfc: CFCs were once vital refrigerants in cooling systems for structures and vehicles. Their use has been phased out due to their detrimental impact on the ozone layer.
Hcfc: HCFCs were once common refrigerants utilized in cooling systems for buildings and vehicles. They facilitated the process of setting up climate control systems, but are now being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties.
Hfc: HFCs are frequently used refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings. Their appropriate handling is crucial during the installation of these systems to lessen environmental impact.
Refrigerant Oil: Cooling lubricant oils the pump in cooling systems, assuring smooth operation and a long lifespan. It's vital for the correct operation of climate control setups.
Phase-Out: Phase-Out is related to the progressive reduction of specific refrigerants with elevated global warming potential. This impacts the choice and servicing of climate control systems in buildings.
Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's potential to heat the planet if released. Lower GWP refrigerants are increasingly preferred in eco-friendly HVAC system configurations.
Odp: Odp refrigerants damage the ozone layer, affecting regulations for cooling system setup. Installers must use environmentally friendly alternatives during climate control equipment placement.
Ashrae: ASHRAE sets criteria and guidelines for HVAC systems configuration. These criteria assure efficient and secure climate control system deployment in structures.
Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems offer temperature and air condition control for indoor settings. They are critical for establishing cooling systems in buildings.
Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lower cooling system efficiency and can harm the environment. Suitable procedures throughout climate control unit installation are essential to prevent these leaks and guarantee best performance.
Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can greatly affect decisions about switching to a new climate control system. Unexpected repair bills may prompt homeowners to invest in a full home cooling setup for future savings.
Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation includes setting up warming, air flow, and air conditioning units. This is critical for enabling effective temperature regulation within buildings.
Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance ensures effective operation and prolongs system lifespan. Proper upkeep is crucial for seamless climate control system setups.
Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting pinpoints and fixes issues in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It guarantees peak operation during climate control unit setup and running.
Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems split a building into distinct areas for customized temperature control. This strategy enhances well-being and energy efficiency during HVAC installation.
Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are vital parts for effective climate control systems. Their choice greatly impacts system effectiveness and performance in environmental comfort uses.
Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, dictating how effectively the system cools a space for a given energy input. Optimizing this efficiency directly impacts cooling system installation costs and long-term operational expenses.
Compressor Overheating: Overheating Compressor can severely harm the unit's heart, leading to system failure. Proper setup ensures sufficient air flow and refrigerant amounts, avoiding this problem in climate control system installations.
Compressor Failure: Compressor Failure stops the refrigeration process, demanding expert service during climate control system installations. A faulty compressor compromises the entire system's efficiency and longevity when integrating it into a building.
Overload Protector: An protects the compressor motor from overheating during climate control system setup. It prevents harm by automatically shutting off power when excessive current or temperature is detected.
Fan Motor: Fan Motor move air across evaporator and condenser coils, a critical process for effective climate control system installation. They aid heat exchange, ensuring peak cooling and heating operation within the specified space.
Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are critical components that join the inside and outside units, circulating refrigerant to facilitate cooling. Their proper proper installation is vital for streamlined and productive climate control system installation.
Condensing Unit: A Condensing Unit is the outdoor part in a cooling system. The unit rejects heat from the refrigerant, enabling indoor temperature control.
Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is critical for cooling systems to efficiently remove unwanted heat from a cooled area. Appropriate Heat Rejection guarantees optimal performance and lifespan of climate control systems.
System Efficiency: System Efficiency is vital for minimizing energy use and operational expenses. Optimizing performance during climate control setup guarantees long-term savings and environmental advantages.
Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the decrease in fluid pressure as it moves through a setup, affecting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly managing Pressure Drop is essential for peak performance and effectiveness in environmental comfort systems.
Subcooling: Subcooling ensures optimal equipment operation by chilling the refrigerant under its condensing temperature. This process prevents flash gas, boosting refrigeration capacity and efficiency during HVAC equipment installation.
Superheat: Superheat makes sure that just vapor refrigerant goes into the compressor, preventing damage. It's important to measure superheat during HVAC system installation to optimize cooling performance and efficiency.
Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the quantity of refrigerant in a unit, essential for best cooling performance. Proper charging assures effective heat transfer and avoids damage during climate control installation.
Corrosion: Rust worsens metallic elements, possibly leading to leakage and system malfunctions. Guarding against Corrosion is vital for maintaining the effectiveness and longevity of climate control arrangements.
Fins: Fins boost the area of coils, boosting heat transfer effectiveness. This is essential for best performance in HVAC system installations.
Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is essential for refrigerant movement in HVAC systems due to its robustness and efficient heat transfer. Its trustworthy connections ensure suitable system operation during setup of thermostat units.
Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum Tubing is crucial for transporting refrigerant in HVAC systems. Its lightweight and rustproof properties make it perfect for linking internal and external units in HVAC installations.
Repair Costs: Unforeseen maintenance can greatly impact the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

Clear Upfront Pricing

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High-Level Workmanship

Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

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Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

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Number One For Heating & Cooling

Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

See What Our Customers Are Saying About Us!

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Paul G.

John L.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

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Bold City Heating & Air ✔️

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2]^[3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13]^[12]

An array of air conditioner condenser units outside a commercial office building

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15]^[16]^[17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20]^[21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28] In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30]^[31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38]^[39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40]^[41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8]^[43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46]^[47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48]^[49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55]^[54]^[56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57]^[58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

very small: <1.5 kW
small: 1.5–3.5 kW
medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
large: 7.2–14 kW
very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64]^[65]^[66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75]^[76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77]^[78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^[70]^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8]^[86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87]^[88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90]^[91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8]^[98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108]^[109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8]^[111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

The ventilation system of a regular earthship

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

A traditional Iranian solar cooling design using a wind tower

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115]^[116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119]^[120]

A pair of short windcatchers (*malqaf*) used in traditional architecture; wind is forced down on the windward side and leaves on the leeward side (*cross-ventilation*). In the absence of wind, the circulation can be driven with evaporative cooling in the inlet (which is also designed to catch dust). In the center, a *shuksheika* (roof lantern vent), used to shade the qa'a below while allowing hot air rise out of it (*stack effect*).^[11]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121]^[123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125]^[126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^[127]^{: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^[127]^{: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

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